在英语省略中,某些成分被省略后的句子主要有以下几种情形:
一、形式上不留任何痕迹
一般说来,句子中的某些成分被省略后,形式上不保留任何痕迹,只能从意义上来理解。如:
(1) Welcome toour school.
欢迎来我校。
(2) Makeyourself at home.
请随意。
二、留下某一个表特征的词
1.如果句子中的不定式被省略,常保留不定式中的小品词to。如:
(1) —Will youplease go shopping with me this afternoon?
今天下午同我一起去买东西好吗?
—I’d like to,but I have much work to do.
我倒想去,但是我有很多事情要做。
(2) —Will Mr.Brown come, too?
布朗先生回来吗?
—Yes. Hepromised to, but he doesn’t turn up yet.
是的。她答应来,但现在还没有到。
但当不定式是be或动词的完成体时,be及have一般不能省略。如:
(1) —Will Brucebe a player for our team?
布鲁斯将会成为我们队的队员吗?
—He wants to be,but we won’t take him in.
他倒想,而我们不会接受他。
(2) —Has hefinished reading the book?
他把书看完了吗?
—He hopes tohave, but in fact he reads too slowly.
他倒希望看完了,而事实上她读得太慢了。
2. 从句的谓语部分省略后,从句中的情态动词或助动词保留。如:
(1) He said hewould do as much as he could to help us.
他说他要尽一切努力来帮助我们。
(2) When askedto dance, she said she couldn’t.
当请她跳舞时,她说她不会。
3. 省略从句时,若从句为否定,则从句中的否定词not被保留。这样的主句谓语动词有:think, believe, guess, suppose, hope,be afraid, be sure 及连接副词:why, if。如:
(1) —Do youthink he will come to see us?
你认为他回来看我们吗?
—I think not.
我认为不会。
(2) —Is it goingto rain?
天会下雨吗?
—I’m afraid not.
恐怕不会。
(3) —Can you goto the concert with us this evening?
今天晚上能跟我们一起去听音乐演奏会吗?
—Why not.
为什么不呢?
三、用一个单词来代替被省略的成分
1.当从句或分句中的谓语动词省略时,有时须加一个助动词do合适的形式来代替。如
(1) Anyone can’tbreak the rules. If you do, you will sure be punished.
任何人也不能违反纪律,如果你违反了,你将肯定要受到惩罚。
(2) He was toldnot to go there alone at night, but he did.
人们告诉他夜晚不要单独一人去那儿,然而它却去了。
(3) —Do you likeswimming?
你喜欢游泳吗?
—Yes, I do.
是的,我喜欢。
2. 当整个从句被省略时,可用so来代替。这样的主句谓语动词有:think, believe, guess, suppose, hope, be及疑问副词why, how, if等。如:
(1) —Do youthink the thief will be put into prison?
你认为那个贼会被打入监牢吗?
—Yes. I thinkso.
是的,我认为会。
(2) —Do youbelieve that he will come back from abroad?
你认为他会从国外回来吗?
—Yes. I believeso.
是的,我认为他会回来。
(3) —It is saidthat Mary got her arm broken.
据说玛丽把手臂弄断了。
—How so.
怎么会这样呢。
(4) —He must bein the classroom now.
他现在肯定在教室里。
—If so, let’s goto the classroom to see him.
如果她在教室里,我们就去那儿看他吧。
3. 当从句为否定,而整个从句被省略时,可写为don’t…so, 也可只保留从句中的not。这样的主句动词有:think, believe, suppose等。如:
(1) —Do youthink he will change his idea?
你认为他会改变主意吗?
—No. I don’tthink so.
不,我认为他不会。
(2) —Do youthink English is difficult?
你认为英语难学吗?
—No. I don’tthink so.
不,我认为不难学。
四、从句中的引导词省略后,主谓倒装
在虚拟条件句中含有were, should, had 时,可将 if 省略,同时将 were, should, had 提到句首。如:
(1) Were Ithere, I would stop him doing that.
要是我在那儿,我就会阻止他那样做。
(2) Had helearnt English, he would be studying abroad.
要是他以前学过英语,他会正在国外学习。
(3) Should helike swimming, I couldn’t stop him.
要是他喜欢游泳,我可阻止他不了。
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